TNF and neonatal abstinence syndrome: Regarding TNF-α, 36/184 of the patients in the ADP group and 39/184 of the healthy controls in the NAS group had an elevated level (>8.1 pg/ml), with average concentrations of 6.5 (5.7, 7.6) pg/ml and 6.35 (5.3, 8.0) pg/ml, respectively (P = 0.408, Mann–Whitney U test) (Figure 4).