FRMD3 and diabetic kidney disease: Pezzolesi et al. (2009b) have demonstrated that FRMD3 expression in kidneys of a DKD mouse model is decreased as compared with non-diabetic mice. Genetic polymorphisms in the FRMD3 gene are associated with DKD and ESRD in T1D and T2D (Freedman et al., 2011; Al-Waheeb et al., 2016). Furthermore, the members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) interact with FRMD3, which implies that FRMD3 may influence the risk of DKD through regulation of the BMP pathway (Martini et al., 2013; Palmer and Freedman, 2013).