Indeed therapeutic blockade of the IL-1R via subcutaneous administration of a recombinant IL-1Ra—anakinra (Kineret®)—is licensed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients who fail to respond to anti-TNF and in individuals afflicted by cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) (44). Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.