The IL-1 family cytokines are typically associated with pro-inflammatory responses and IL-1β has been identified as a key mediator of inflammation-induced pathology in several autoimmune and auto-inflammatory conditions including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)—the murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS)—and obesity-associated airway hyper-reactivity (40–42). Here, IL1B is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.