INS and Parkinson disease: Regarding insulin signaling in humans, a recent PD trial tested the effect of Exenatide, the first synthetic agonist of glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1), indicated to restore insulin pathway in type II diabetes (Sandoval and Sisley, 2015), and previously known to preserve mitochondrial function in dopaminergic neurons, reducing apoptotic death and lysosomal depletion as well as decreasing tau hyperphosphorylation and plaque load (reviewed in Athauda and Foltynie, 2018).