INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: As hyperinsulinemia is common in subjects with fatty liver and thus expected to be a marker of fatty liver in the general population, and as copeptin is known to be associated with hyperinsulinemia at a population level [7], we additionally used another measure of insulin resistance than high HOMA-IR, i.e., top quartile of insulin concentration, when analyzing the association between NAFLD and increasing copeptin tertile, but did not find the multivariate adjusted association to be affected (p < 0.001).