Furthermore, IL-8 upregulates stem cell marker expression in GBM and other cancers21 and activates various signaling pathways associated with tumorigenesis including Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)21–23. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and glioblastoma.