TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: It inhibited the release of interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human PBMC cells, inhibited activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase-1, and reduced the secretion of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in a human THP-1 macrophage-like cell line, and already went through in vivo tests in rats as an effective blocker of IL-1β and TNF-α, two cytokines connected with the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis [91,92].