LCN2 and acute kidney injury: Several additional biomarkers, such as NGAL, KIM-1, and Cystatin-C, are routinely used to detect AKI in both patients and animal models [4], but are not always reliable indicators of AKI, as they are less sensitive to mild cases of kidney injury [5] and present differently based on factors such as age [6], sex, and patient comorbidities.