APP and Alzheimer disease: In AD brains, a high level of APP proteins, Aβ and PS1, accumulate in AVs in swollen dystrophic neurites, and autophagy activation was elevated after Aβ stimulation or in APP/PS1 mice, a mouse model of AD, indicating that autophagy is implicated in AD pathogenesis [63–65].There is a complex relation between Aβ and autophagy.