More and more evidences have revealed that TGF‐β mediated signaling is closely relevant with the activation of their receptors (TGF‐BR1 and TGF‐BR2) and Smad‐dependent transcription factors (Smad1/5/8, Smad2/3 and Smad4).127 Aside from TAMs, TGF‐β are also liberated from other immune cells, as well as cancer cells and stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.