TGFB1 and neoplasm: As previously reported, TGF‐β promotes breast cancer cells motility and metastasis by up‐regulating the gene expression of integrins.128, 129 Another example is in hepatoma carcinoma environment, TGF‐β enhanced cell migration and invasion by increasing the gene expression of chemokine receptors.130 In conclusion, the promotion of TGF‐β signaling on tumor development lies largely on the increased angiogenesis, decreased immune performance and more regular extra‐cellular architecture.