TGFB1 and infection: Though immune response is activated during infection, our results indicate TGFβ1 is secreted by cancer cells in early stage LADC (Figure 2) and plays a role in immunosuppression in lung cancer microenvironment [44–47], suggesting the cancer cells of LADC can prevent cytotoxic attack from lymphocytes, which are recruited to tumor microenvironment through stimulation of inflammation, by secretion of TGFβ1 in cancer microenvironment.