PCK1 and neoplasm: Besides, the progression from early stage to middle stage LADC can be potentially induced by the alteration of tumor microenvironment caused by hydrogen peroxide secreted by cancer cells, the dysfunctions of EGFR, EPOR, and ITGB1 (CD29) signaling, the regulation of miR-143HG and miR-19a, the epigenetic modifications of ZEB1 and RHOB, the DNA methylation of PCK1, and the dysregulation of cellular functions, such as gluconeogenesis and extracellular proteolysis.