A large number of clinical trials is currently investigating neoadjuvant immunotherapy for different disease entities (for example, we identified nine clinical trials for neoadjuvant anti- PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment in NSCLC: NCT03197467, NCT02938624, NCT02259621, NCT03694236, NCT03732664, NCT02994576, NCT03030131, NCT02716038, NCT02818920). Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.