REN and heart failure: First, our results reflect the idea that a) hyponatremia is closely linked to excessive activation of RAAS and b) RAAS activity has been shown to differ depending on one’s race.[7, 16] For example, African Americans have lower baseline renin levels compared to whites and Hispanics have been shown to have higher plasma renin activity.[28–30] As such, it is possible that hyponatremia in African Americans signifies a more severe state of heart failure as compared to Hispanics given the approach that African Americans ordinarily have less RAAS activation.