In CD patients with T1D, the level of GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) was significantly correlated with the density of EV-positive cells in the lamina propria, which can support the evidence about the role of GM-CSF in intestinal homeostasis by maintaining the balance between tolerance of self-antigen and protection against pathogenic bacteria and also viruses including EV71 [58, 85]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.