In the TGF-β/smad cell signaling pathway, the Ski protein, as an inhibitor of the Smad2/3 protein transcription complex, inhibits the promoter of TGF-β by interacting with the Smad2/3 proteins, thereby inhibiting TGF-β/smad signal transduction and attenuating the anti-tumor effects of the TGF-β signaling pathway (43). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.