CNR1 and colonic neoplasm: For example, Bifulco (Sarnataro et al., 2006) provides evidence for a lipid raft–mediated mechanism related to the CB1R in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas it induces apoptosis in colon cancer through a CB1R-independent mechanism that involves the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and β-catenin target genes (Santoro et al., 2009; Proto et al., 2017; Fiore et al., 2018).