In addition, height has been associated with higher levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),52,53 a pathway that has been implicated in tumour transformation and may exert antiapoptotic and mitogenic effects.54,55 Moreover, BRCA1 may directly interact with the IGF-1 pathway to mediate cancer risk.56 The gene discussed is BRCA1; the disease is neoplasm.