NPM1 and leukemia: The most described HOXA9-associated leukemias are: (1) acute leukemia (either myeloid or lymphoid) bearing MLL (mixed lineage leukemia, also called KMT2A) fusions [43,44,45,46,47], known as mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL), and which represent ~5% of AML and are associated with poor prognosis; and (2) AML with nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutations, which represent ~55% of normal karyotype AML and ~35% of all AMLs, and are associated with poor to intermediate prognosis depending on the nature of additional alterations, such as mutations of FLT3 kinase (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3) [48,49,50].