VEGFA and colon carcinoma: Moreover, VEGF (along with other angiogenic factors) plays a crucial role in modulating the immune system and fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment: it directly suppresses dendritic cell maturation breast and colon carcinomas [39,186], inhibits T-cells by enhancing PD-1 and other inhibitory checkpoints in colon carcinomas [40,187], disrupts the normal differentiation of haematopoietic precursor cells [188], and recruits immunosuppressive cells such as T-cells [189] and myeloid derived suppressor cells [41,190].