ALB and Nephropathy: The criteria of CKD include a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, markers of kidney damage (albuminuria (albumin: creatinine ratio [ACR] ≥30 mg/g), urinary sediment abnormalities, electrolyte or other abnormalities due to tubular disorders, abnormalities in histology, structural abnormalities observed by imaging, history of kidney transplantation), or both for at least 3 months in duration [26].