Such studies, using the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), specifically analyzed levels of Aβ (amyloid beta) and p-tau (phosphorylated tau protein) from exosomes possibly derived from the brain in an attempt to design an exosome as a biomarker-based diagnosis tool for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [67]. Here, L1CAM is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.