Additionally, Tokarzewicz et al. (2018) measured cystatin C from the serum of 90 bladder cancer patients which was and observed values (0.35 +/− 0.02 g/ml) significantly lower than healthy individuals (0.68 +/− 0.05 g/ml) with a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 92% achieved at a concentration of <0.54 g/ml cystatin C [47]. This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and urinary bladder cancer.