We recommend further longitudinal case control studies to be conducted to evaluate the causal relationship between SCD and other prevalent renal insults on the onset and progression of renal dysfunction and the role of using noninvasive screening tools such as urine dipsticks for early detection of albuminuria and timely administration of treatments such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to prevent progression to renal dysfunction and ESRD. The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is Abnormal renal physiology.