TGFB1 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: To further clarify the underlying mechanism connected between the prominent capacities of antioxidative stress and antifibrosis achieved by THC treatment, the TGFβ1/Smad3 signaling pathway, which plays a key role in mediating ROS generation to pathologic fibrosis and hypertrophy of DCM [12, 28], was further explored in our research.