TNF and infection: Recently, Fetuin-A drew interest regarding its possible protective role against inflammation in injury or infection, being classified as a positive APP thanks to the mediation of High Mobility Group protein (HMGB1), but also as a negative APP because of a regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins (IL) -1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18 and interferon (IFN)-γ (Sluijs et al. 1992; Kraus et al. 2011).