Compared to DCIS.com CCR2-KO cells transduced with pHAGE control lentivirus, ALDH1A1 overexpression increased spheroid size in 3D cultures, associated with increased cell proliferation but not cellular invasion, or changes to E-cadherin or TWIST1 expression (Fig. 6F–H, Fig. S7C,D). This evidence concerns the gene ALDH1A1 and ductal breast carcinoma in situ.