TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: While this is a novel finding in the context of HRQoL, it aligns with the evidence demonstrating that SLE patients produce less TGF-β1 than healthy individuals [34], and that a deficiency in TGF-β1 can contribute to the onset and exacerbation of SLE [34,35]; thus, pathways to optimise TGF-β1 may help improve HRQoL in SLE.