In addition, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) were significantly upregulated in both DCM-CM under normal culture conditions indicating activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and a similarity with previously reported LmnaH222P/H22P DCM mouse model [16]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.