VCAM1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Similarly, HDL isolated from patients with breast cancer complicated with T2DM promoted an increase in breast cancer cell adhesion to HUVECs and stimulated higher intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression on the cell surfaces of breast cancer cells and HUVECs, along with the activation of PKC, compared with HDL isolated from breast cancer patients.