CDH2 and neoplasm: The malignant properties of tumors are not only controlled by cancer cells but also driven by microenvironment of the tumor cells [44], including a variety of nonmalignant cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells and mesenchymal stem cells) [44], the paracrine signaling exchange of cytokines [45], cell adhesion factors (β-catenin and N-cadherin) [46], growth factors [45], tumor cell release factors [47] and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) [48].