TNF and thyroid cancer: COR induces the apoptosis of cancer cells via extrinsic pathways, including the activation of DR3/caspase-8/caspase-1 pathway in the in vitro colonic cancer cell line HT-29 [34] and the stimulation of adenosine A1 receptor (A1R)/adenosine A3 receptor (A3R)/intracellular calcium (IC)/calpain/caspase7/poly adenosine-diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) pathway in the in vitro thyroid cancer cell line CGTH W-2 [31], and by increasing the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) bound to tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) in hepatocellular cancermice in vivo [37].