TLR5 and colitis: Our specific-pathogen–free (SPF) housing conditions did not lead to spontaneous intestinal disorders and did not differently affect the outcome of DSS-induced colitis in Tlr5−/− mice compared to their equally treated WT counterparts (Fig 1E), though Tlr5−/− mice treated with EcN showed significantly increased histological damage compared to EcN-treated WT mice, resembling the disease phenotype that was observed in DSS-only–treated WT and Tlr5−/− mice (Fig 1E).