Another clinical trial showed that a multispecies probiotic supplement improved both functional and biochemical parameters of endothelial dysfunction, including systolic BP, vascular endothelial growth factor, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and its augmentation index, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and thrombomodulin in obese postmenopausal women [63]. Here, TNF is linked to endothelial dysfunction.