MTOR and neoplasm: For example, it has been recently shown that PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the master regulator of autophagy, often activated in cancer cells, may be involved in the up-regulation of the immune check-point inhibitor PD-L1 [71] whose expression on the tumor cells, by interacting with PD-1 on T cell surface, induces T cell exhaustion [72, 73].