In the univariate analysis from 2003 to 2013 before excluding participants with chronic viral hepatitis (5832 HCC cases), patients with incident HCC were more likely to use premixed insulin analogues, beta-blockers, and diuretics; and to have comorbid liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and a higher Charlson index (Table S1). Here, INS is linked to chronic hepatitis B virus infection.