TNF and colitis: Consistent with the above data, He et al. [47] showed that the alpinetin, a flavonoid isolated from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, attenuated diarrhea, colonic shortening, histological damage, and myeloperoxidase activity as well as colonic TNF and IL-1β expression in mice with DSS-induced colitis, likely by suppressing TRL4-NF-κB and NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 signaling.