PTGS2 and colitis: Wu et al. [45] observed that treatment with fraxinellone, a natural lactone, reduced the weight loss, diarrhea, colonic macroscopic damage, enteric TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 levels, CD11b+ macrophage infiltration, as well as the mRNA levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), iNOS, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mice with DSS-induced colitis, through NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 blockade.