VCAM1 and angina pectoris: 1993). ICAM-1 has been reported to be involved in early AS formation and angina (Hwang et al. 1997; Ridker 1998; Jude et al. 2002; Luc et al. 2003; Fotis et al. 2012) and anti-adhesion therapies have been proposed as a novel means to prevent cardiovascular disease progression (Ridker et al. 1998). In previous studies Asarum has been found to suppress the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 (Zhang et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2014), thereby protecting blood vessels from inflammatory processes.