Upon in vitro TLR stimulation with the agonist mix, 10 μM ND2158 induced a significant reduction in cell viability in CD19+CD5+ leukemia cells after 3 and 6 days of treatment (Fig. 5a, left panel), which was also confirmed by a decrease in intracellular ATP levels in the presence of 10 and 30 μM ND2158 (Supplementary Fig. S14a). Here, CD19 is linked to leukemia.