PDCD1 and cancer: PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is found to play a key role in escape of cancer from immunosurveillance, with PD-1 expression seen on effector T-cells and exhausted T-cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) and PD-L1 expression seen on cell surface in several types of cancers including bladder, lung, colon, breast, kidney, ovary, cervix, melanoma, glioblastoma, multiple myeloma and T-cell lymphoma [41, 43].