CCL2 and pulmonary emphysema: To assess the effects of LEPLCs on inflammation and fibrosis in the PPE-induced pulmonary emphysema model, mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine, pro-Il-1β, the inflammation-mediator, Il-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (Inos), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (Mcp-1) were examined.