PDCD1 and neoplasm: Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents have demonstrated in multiple phase I–III clinical trials a great efficacy in terms of significant durable tumor responses and survival benefit, with manageable toxicities, across different malignancies, including those ones traditionally defined as non-immunogenic, such as NSCLC [4, 5], and are currently approved worldwide as standard treatment for advanced NSCLC.