TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: SD208, an inhibitor of TβR1, blocks the TGF-β/SMAD pathway, Matrigel invasion and expression of TGF-β target genes (PTHrP, IL-11, CTGF, and RUNX2, etc.)and was effective at preventing the development of bone metastases and decreasing the progression of established osteolytic lesions in melanoma and glioma models [257,258].