After TGF-β1 treatment, researchers found that TGF-β induced SMAD-dependent binding between the proapoptotic effector BIM and BCL-XL in gastric carcinoma cell lines [40] and a decrease in BCL-XL expression followed by activation of the apoptosis proteins caspase-9 and caspase-3 in human hepatoma cells (HuH-7) [41]. The gene discussed is BCL2L1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.