TGFB1 and breast carcinoma: Additionally, the TGF-β signaling pathway can be coupled to the cell death machinery through the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [43], apoptosis genes (SHIP and TIEG), modulation of epigenetic regulators (DNMTs) [44], H3K79me3 and H2BK120me1 [45], and telomere shortening through regulating human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in the breast cancer MCF-7 cell line [46].