TGF-β directly inhibits c-MYC by binding a transcriptional repression complex containing SMAD2/3, E2F4/5, p107, and C/EBPβ to the TGF-β inhibitory element in the proximal region and thus achieving cell cycle arrest in HaCaT, COS-1, and Mv1Lu-tet-p15 cells and human leukemia MO-91 cells [35]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to leukemia.