JUN and neoplasm: Moreover, SMAD signaling and MAPK/JNK signaling converge at AP1-binding promoter sites by SMAD3 and SMAD4, which cooperate with c-JUN/c-FOS [93], and the RAS-ERK MAP kinase pathways are likely to act synergistically with TGF-β and contribute to multiple aspects of the EMT, including the pro-invasive and pro-metastatic behavior of tumor cells of diverse tissue origins [94].