TNF and neoplasm: PAMPs, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble (s)CD14, can activate the immune system through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NF-κB pathway, and this activation mediates the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and cyclooxygenase 2, which are associated with tumor development and progression [8–10].