In numerous types of human carcinomas, PDPN is often upregulated, particularly in squamous cell carcinomas, such as cervical, skin, and lung cancers.57, 58 PDPN is believed to play a key role in cancer cell invasiveness by controlling invadopodia, thus mediating efficient extracellular matrix degradation.59 This evidence concerns the gene PDPN and squamous cell carcinoma.