All PsVs were used in equivalent amounts to those of HPV-16 PsVs (150 vge/cell), and tubulation was analyzed 2, 8, and 24 h post-infection, using immunofluorescence staining for molecules interacting with CasL-like 1 (MICAL-L1), which is widely used as a marker of endosomal tubulation. The gene discussed is MICALL1; the disease is infection.