EIF2A and melanoma: We also observed growth inhibition of NDV/FMW-infected melanoma cells, which was accompanied by cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP, apoptosis marker), reduced p62 (autophagy flux indicator) and increased phosphorylation of eIF2α (ER stress marker) (Supplementary Figure 1B and data not shown), indicating that multiple modes of cell death might be involved in NDV/FMW-mediated growth inhibition of melanoma cells.