UBE2S and gonorrhea: In addition, in our previous series of studies on PA comparative proteomics, an interesting phenomenon is that the number of down-regulated proteins is much more than the number of up-regulated proteins in PAs (27–30), the mRNA expression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes E2 and E3 was significantly increased in NFPAs (28), the mRNA expression of ubiquitin specific protease 34 was significantly decreased in PAs (29), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 was identified in NFPAs (27), and the protein ubiquitination pathway was changed in NFPAs (30).