TGFB1 and cardiovascular disorder: PI3Ks generate lipids that regulate multiple intracellular signaling pathways (NADPH oxidase, AKT/eNOS, and TGF-β1/Smad) implicated in various cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction (Kim et al., 2008; Pretorius et al., 2009; Lin et al., 2010).