The other β2 integrins, αXβ2 and αDβ2, have not been individually studied in the context of stroke as have αLβ2 and αMβ2 integrins, though CD18 (β2) inhibition in addition to t-PA has been shown to increase the time window of t-PA administration without an increase in hemorrhagic transformation in a rat embolic stroke model (Zhang et al., 1999). The gene discussed is AFM; the disease is stroke disorder.