Conversely, the IAVs are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome, and recent evidence suggests that NDRG1 plays a positive role in avian influenza (highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI]) A/H5N1 virus replication by suppressing the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway (30). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is avian influenza.