ADCY1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Signaling pathways known to regulate cardiac hypertrophy were particularly represented and included the adenylate cyclase-phosphodiesterase-protein kinase A (PKA) axis, the α-adrenoceptor-heterotrimeric protein Gq-protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, the calcium-calmodulin pathway, the Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway, and the phosphoinositide-Akt kinase signaling (Fig. 2E).